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2018年，金融巨頭摩根大通在美國(guó)雇傭了2萬(wàn)多人，其中約10%，或者說(shuō)2100人曾經(jīng)是罪犯。同時(shí)，如果首席執(zhí)行官杰米·戴蒙的計(jì)劃得以實(shí)現(xiàn)，就會(huì)有更多背負(fù)類(lèi)似不光彩記錄的人加入他們的行列。

今天，摩根大通就促進(jìn)這些刑滿釋放人員再就業(yè)推出了幾項(xiàng)重要措施。這家銀行正式下達(dá)“禁止查問(wèn)”命令，移除了對(duì)求職者犯罪記錄的所有問(wèn)題。它將拿出700多萬(wàn)美元，支持為曾經(jīng)入獄者提供就業(yè)和生活技能培訓(xùn)的組織。同時(shí)，摩根大通將建立新的“政策中心”，后者類(lèi)似于智囊機(jī)構(gòu)，作用是就一些經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題設(shè)計(jì)并推動(dòng)監(jiān)管調(diào)整。它的第一項(xiàng)計(jì)劃就是對(duì)禁止重刑犯在金融等領(lǐng)域就業(yè)的規(guī)定進(jìn)行改革。

在接受《財(cái)富》雜志采訪時(shí)，戴蒙把這次行動(dòng)稱為摩根大通全面振興經(jīng)濟(jì)計(jì)劃的一部分，而該計(jì)劃的內(nèi)容包括將金融、培訓(xùn)和專(zhuān)項(xiàng)技能導(dǎo)入現(xiàn)金匱乏的社區(qū)中，特別是在底特律和芝加哥。他說(shuō)，這些行動(dòng)讓摩根大通的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層更多地了解到了重刑犯恢復(fù)“公民身份”所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)。戴蒙指出：“他們找不到工作，租不起房子。在社會(huì)上，他們處于邊緣位置。”

就在摩根大通采取上述行動(dòng)之際，民主、共和兩黨也越來(lái)越共同支持犯罪-司法改革，而后者可能有助于刑滿釋放人員更好地融入經(jīng)濟(jì)之中。這些改革包括減輕對(duì)一些輕微犯罪行為的懲罰，以及推出可能有助于人們更容易消除犯罪記錄的措施。紐約大學(xué)法學(xué)院布倫南司法研究中心的報(bào)告顯示，美國(guó)約有7000萬(wàn)曾經(jīng)被捕或認(rèn)罪的勞動(dòng)適齡人口。研究表明，有犯罪記錄的人通過(guò)首輪面試的可能性要低得多。2018年的一項(xiàng)研究稱，刑滿釋放人員的失業(yè)率為27%，是整體失業(yè)水平的數(shù)倍。

摩根大通強(qiáng)調(diào)，其重點(diǎn)是為有較輕犯罪記錄的人創(chuàng)造獲得入門(mén)級(jí)工作的機(jī)會(huì)，比如酒后駕車(chē)、擾亂社會(huì)治安或持有少量毒品（他們還沒(méi)有考慮過(guò)讓?xiě)T犯或詐騙犯從事敏感的金融工作）。摩根大通為合格人員打通就業(yè)渠道的初步試點(diǎn)將以芝加哥為主，2017年該行就在這里啟動(dòng)了耗資4000萬(wàn)美元的社區(qū)振興行動(dòng)。

新政策機(jī)構(gòu)

海瑟·希金鮑托姆曾經(jīng)在奧巴馬治下的國(guó)務(wù)院任職。她的新身份是摩根大通政策中心的負(fù)責(zé)人，在這里，她將開(kāi)始處理與刑滿釋放人員有關(guān)的問(wèn)題。希金鮑托姆對(duì)《財(cái)富》雜志表示，她的首要任務(wù)是和聯(lián)邦存款保險(xiǎn)公司合作，放寬為這些人再就業(yè)設(shè)置障礙的條例。其他重點(diǎn)工作還包括在州和地方層面全面推廣“禁止查問(wèn)”措施；自動(dòng)消除輕微犯罪記錄以及修改允許法院扣押輕微犯罪者駕照的規(guī)定，因?yàn)檫@項(xiàng)懲罰措施往往會(huì)讓人無(wú)法獲得或保住工作。

最后，該政策中心還會(huì)處理和經(jīng)濟(jì)包容性有關(guān)的其他一系列問(wèn)題。戴蒙說(shuō)，他的預(yù)想是該中心將“觸及所有造成收入波動(dòng)的問(wèn)題，包括納稅、醫(yī)療保健以及修理自己的汽車(chē)?！毕＝瘐U托姆補(bǔ)充道：“我們的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是你是否有一技之長(zhǎng)或獨(dú)特的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。我們考慮到了退休儲(chǔ)蓄和經(jīng)濟(jì)適用房等問(wèn)題，并在這些領(lǐng)域運(yùn)用了非常多的數(shù)據(jù)。”

是什么讓刑滿釋放人員再就業(yè)成為首要任務(wù)呢？戴蒙說(shuō)原因之一就是法學(xué)教授、辯護(hù)律師以及平等正義行動(dòng)執(zhí)行主任布萊恩·史蒂文森。2018年，史蒂文森向摩根大通高層介紹了犯罪-司法改革和種族不平等問(wèn)題。戴蒙回憶說(shuō)，聽(tīng)眾們“絕對(duì)是啞口無(wú)言、眼含熱淚。是制度的不公正觸動(dòng)了他們”。（財(cái)富中文網(wǎng)）

譯者：Charlie

審校：夏林

In 2018, financial giant JPMorgan Chase hired more than 20,000 people in the U.S. Roughly 10% of them—about 2,100—had a criminal history. And if CEO Jamie Dimon’s plans are realized, those employees will eventually be joined by many more co-workers with similar blotches on their records.

JPMorgan today is announcing several major steps to encourage second-chance hiring for those with criminal records. The bank is officially "banning the box"—removing all questions about criminal records from its job applications. It will steer more than $7 million toward organizations that provide job- and life-skills training to the formerly incarcerated. The bank is also launching a new “policy center,” a think tank of sorts that will design and advocate for regulatory changes around certain economic issues. Its first agenda item: reforming rules that effectively bar former felons from employment, in finance and elsewhere.

In an interview with Fortune, Dimon described the new campaign as an offshoot of the bank’s widening economic-revitalization campaign, an effort that has involved steering financing, training and expertise to cash-starved neighborhoods, particularly in Detroit and Chicago. Those campaigns, he said, had exposed more of the bank’s leaders to the challenges faced by “returning citizens” with felonies on their records. “They can’t get jobs, they can’t rent a home,” Dimon said. “Socially, they’re on the margins.”

The bank’s moves come at a time of growing bipartisan support for criminal-justice reforms that could help better integrate former offenders in the economy. Those include reductions of penalties for some minor misdemeanors, as well as measures that could help people more easily expunge their criminal records. There are about 70 million working-age adults in the U.S. with either an arrest record or a criminal conviction, according to a report by the Brennan Center for Justice. Research suggests people with such blemishes are much less likely to make it past a first job interview. And a 2018 study put the unemployment rate among formerly incarcerated people at 27%, many times higher than the wider jobless rate.

JPMorgan stresses that its focus is on building opportunities in entry level jobs for people whose past offenses were relatively minor—think DUIs, disorderly conduct, or low-level drug possession. (Hiring hardened criminals or fraudsters to work in sensitive financial positions remains well out of bonds.) The bank’s early pilot programs in building an employment pipeline for candidates that qualify will be focused in Chicago, where JPMorgan launched a $40 million neighborhood revitalization campaign in 2017.

A new policy arm

Heather Higginbottom, a former State Department official during the Obama administration, will begin tackling issues related to returning citizens in her new role as head of the JPMorgan Chase PolicyCenter. At the top of the agenda, she told Fortune, is working with the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. to ease rules that make it hard for financial institutions to make second-chance hires. Other priorities, she said, include campaigning at the state and local level for broader ban-the-box rules; making criminal-record expungement automatic for low-level convictions; and changing rules that enable courts to suspend the drivers’ licenses of minor offenders—a punishment that often hamstrings someone’s ability to get or hold down a job.

The PolicyCenter will eventually take on a range of other issues related to economic inclusion. Dimon said he envisions the center “digging into everything that creates income volatility—tax payments, healthcare, having to get your car fixed.” Higginbottom added, “The criteria is: Do we have unique expertise and experience? We’re looking at things like retirement savings, affordable housing, areas where we bring a lot of data to bear.”

What made second-chance hiring the first priority? Dimon said one catalyst for the decision was Bryan Stevenson, the law professor, defense attorney, and executive director of the Equal Justice Initiative. Stevenson spoke to top JPMorgan Chase executives in 2018 about criminal-justice reform and racial inequities. People in the audience “were absolutely speechless and teary-eyed,” Dimon recalled. “The injustices of the system—that motivates people.”